<text><span class="style42"></span><span class="style12">LUXEMBOURG</span><span class="style42"></span><span class="style14"></span><span class="style42">Official names: </span><span class="style13">Groussherzogtum Letzeburg (in Letzeburgish), Grand-Duché de Luxembourg (French), and Grossherzogtum Luxemburg (German) (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg)</span><span class="style42">Member of: </span><span class="style13">UN, EU/EC, NATO, OSCE, OECD</span><span class="style42">Area: </span><span class="style13">2586 km2 (999 sq mi)</span><span class="style42">Population: </span><span class="style13">392000 (1993 est)</span><span class="style42">Capital: </span><span class="style13">Luxembourg 117000 (city 78000; 1991 census)</span><span class="style42">Other major towns: </span><span class="style13">Esch-sur-Alzette 24000, Differdange 16000 (1991 census)</span><span class="style42">Languages: </span><span class="style13">Letzeburgish (national; 72% as a first language); French (6% as a first language, but universally understood) and German (10% as a first language) – both official; Portuguese (9% as a first language)</span><span class="style42">Religion: </span><span class="style13">Roman Catholic (95%)</span><span class="style42">GOVERNMENT</span><span class="style13">Luxembourg is a monarchy with a Grand Duke or Duchess as sovereign. The 60-member Chamber of Deputies is elected under a system of proportional representation by universal adult suffrage for five years. A Council of Ministers and a Premier – commanding a majority in the Chamber – are appointed by the sovereign.</span><span class="style42">GEOGRAPHY</span><span class="style13">The Oesling is a wooded plateau rising to 550 m (1833 ft) in the north. The Gutland in the south is a lowland region of valleys and ridges. </span><span class="style42">Climate: </span><span class="style13">Luxembourg has relatively cool summers and mild winters.</span><span class="style42">ECONOMY</span><span class="style13">The iron and steel industry – originally based on local ore – is important. Luxembourg has become a major banking center. The north grows potatoes and fodder crops; the south produces wheat and fruit, including grapes. </span><span class="style42">Currency: </span><span class="style13">Luxembourgeois franc.</span><span class="style42">HISTORY</span><span class="style13">Luxembourg has changed hands many times through inheritance and invasion. In 1443, Luxembourg passed to the dukes of Burgundy, and was inherited by the Spanish Habsburgs in 1555–56. In 1713 the country came under Austrian rule, but was annexed by France during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1815 Luxembourg became a Grand Duchy with the Dutch king as sovereign, but in 1890 it was inherited by a junior branch of the House of Orange. In 1831 the western (French-speaking) part of the state became part of Belgium. Occupied by the Germans during both World Wars, Luxembourg concluded an economic union with Belgium in 1922 and has enthusiastically supported European unity. Luxembourg City is one of EU/EC’s three centers of administration.</span></text>